The word in is a boolean operator that takes two strings and returns True if the first appears as a substring in the second:
't' in 'python' True 'jan' in 'python' False
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| + | Concatenate strings given either side of the operator. |
| * | It is known as repetition operator. It concatenates the multiple copies of the same string. |
| [] | It is known as slice operator. It is used to access the sub-strings of a particular string. |
| [:] | Range slice operator is used to access the characters from the specified range. |
| in | Membership operator is used to returns if a particular sub-string is present in the specified string. |
| not in | It is also a membership operator and does the exact reverse of in. It returns true if a particular substring is not present in the specified string. |
| r/R | It is used to specify the raw string. Raw strings are used in the cases where we need to print the actual meaning of escape characters such as "C://python". To define any string as a raw string, the character r or R is followed by the string. |
| % | Ued to perform string formatting. It is similar to format specifiers used in C programming like %d or %f to map their values in python. |
A method is similar to a function it takes arguments and returns a value but the syntax is different.
For example, the method upper takes a string and returns a new string with all uppercase letters. Instead of the function syntax upper(word), it uses the method syntax word.upper().
| Format Symbol | Conversion |
|---|---|
| %c | character |
| %s | string conversion via str() prior to formatting |
| %i | signed decimal integer |
| %d | signed decimal integer |
| %u | unsigned decimal integer |
| %o | octal integer |
| %x | hexadecimal integer (lowercase letters) |
| %X | hexadecimal integer (UPPERcase letters) |
| %e | exponential notation (with lowercase 'e') |
| %E | exponential notation (with UPPERcase 'E') |
| %f | floating point real number |
| %g | the shorter of %f and %e |
| %G | the shorter of %f and %E |
| SN | Methods | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | capitalize() | Capitalizes first letter of string |
| 2 | center(width, fillchar) | Returns a space-padded string with the original string centered to a total of width columns. |
| 3 | count(str, beg= 0, end=len(string)) |
Counts how many times str occurs in string or in a substring of string if starting index beg and ending index end are given. |
| 4 | decode(encoding='UTF- 8', errors='strict') |
Decodes the string using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults to the default string encoding. |
| 5 | encode(encoding=' UTF- 8', errors='strict') |
Returns encoded string version of string; on error, default is to raise a ValueError unless errors is given with 'ignore' or 'replace'. |
| 6 | endswith(suffix, beg=0, end=len(string)) |
Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index beg and ending index end are given) ends with suffix; returns true if so and false otherwise. |
| 7 | expandtabs(tabsize=8) | Expands tabs in string to multiple spaces; defaults to 8 spaces per tab if tabsize not provided. |
| 8 | find(str, beg=0 end=len(string)) |
Determine if str occurs in string or in a substring of string if starting index beg and ending index end are given returns index if found and -1 otherwise. |
| 9 | index(str, beg=0, end=len(string)) |
Same as find(), but raises an exception if str not found. |
| 10 | isalnum() | Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all characters are alphanumeric and false otherwise. |
| 11 | isalpha() | Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all characters are alphabetic and false otherwise. |
| 12 | isdigit() | Returns true if string contains only digits and false otherwise. |
| 13 | islower() | Returns true if string has at least 1 cased character and all cased characters are in lowercase and false otherwise. |
| 14 | isnumeric() | Returns true if a unicode string contains only numeric characters and false otherwise. |
| 15 | isspace() | Returns true if string contains only whitespace characters and false otherwise. |
| 16 | istitle() | Returns true if string is properly "titlecased" and false otherwise. |
| 17 | isupper() | Returns true if string has at least one cased character and all cased characters are in uppercase and false otherwise. |
| 18 | join(seq) | Merges (concatenates) the string representations of elements in sequence seq into a string, with separator string. |
| 19 | len(string) | Returns the length of the string |
| 20 | ljust(width[, fillchar]) | Returns a space-padded string with the original string left-justified to a total of width columns. |
| 21 | lower() | Converts all uppercase letters in string to lowercase. |
| 22 | lstrip() | Removes all leading whitespace in string. |
| 23 | maketrans() | Returns a translation table to be used in translate function. |
| 24 | max(str) | Returns the max alphabetical character from |
| 25 | min(str) | Returns the min alphabetical character from the string str. |
| 26 | replace(old, new [, max]) | Replaces all occurrences of old in string with new or at most max occurrences if max given. |
| 27 | rfind(str, beg=0, end=len(string)) |
Same as find(), but search backwards in string. |
| 28 | rindex(str,beg=0, end=len(string)) |
Same as index(), but search backwards in string. |
| 29 | rjust(width,[, fillchar]) | Returns a space-padded string with the original string right-justified to a total of width columns. |
| 30 | rstrip() | Removes all trailing whitespace of string. |
| 31 | split(str="", num=string.count(str)) |
Splits string according to delimiter str (space if not provided) and returns list of substrings; split into at most num substrings if given. |
| 32 | splitlines( num= string.count('\n')) |
Splits string at all (or num) NEWLINEs and returns a list of each line with NEWLINEs removed. |
| 33 | startswith(str, beg=0, end=len(string)) |
Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index beg and ending index end are given) starts with substring str; returns true if so and false otherwise. |
| 34 | strip([chars]) | Performs both lstrip() and rstrip() on string |
| 35 | swapcase() | Inverts case for all letters in string. |
| 36 | title() | Returns "titlecased" version of string, that is, all words begin with uppercase and the rest are lowercase. |
| 37 | translate(table, deletechars="") |
Translates string according to translation table str(256 chars), removing those in the del string. |
| 38 | upper() | Converts lowercase letters in string to uppercase. |
| 39 | zfill (width) | Returns original string leftpadded with zeros to a total of width characters; intended for numbers, zfill() retains any sign given (less one zero). |
| 40 | isdecimal() | Returns true if a unicode string contains only decimal characters and false otherwise. |